Sign the Resolution for a Federal
Commission on Drug Policy
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The Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding
Commissioned by President Richard M. Nixon, March, 1972
Zip file of the entire report - about 517K
Table of Contents
The Report
Letter of Transmittal
Introduction
I. Marihuana and the Problem of Marihuana
- Origins of the Marihuana Problem
- Visibility
- Perceived Threats
- Symbolism
- The Need for Perspective
- Historical Perspective
- Cultural Perspective
- The Search for Meaning
- Skepticism
- The Limits of Rationality
- Formulating Marihuana Policy
- Scientific Oversimplification
- Philosophical Oversimplification
- Sociological Oversimplification
- Legal Oversimplification
- The Report
II. Marihuana Use and Its Effects
- The Marihuana User
- Demographic Characteristics
- Patterns of Use
- Profiles of Users
- Experimental Users
- Intermittent Users
- Moderate and Heavy Users
- Very Heavy Users
- Becoming a Marihuana User
- Parental Influence
- Situational Factors and Behavioral Correlates
- Social Group Factors
- The Dynamics of Persistent Use
- Becoming a Multidrug User
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Profiles and Dynamics
- Sociocultural Factors
- Effects of Marihuana on the User
- Botany and Chemistry
- Factors Influencing Drug Effect
- Dosage
- Method of Use
- Metabolism
- Set and Setting
- Tolerance
- Reverse Tolerance
- Duration of Use
- Patterns of Use
- Definition of Dependence
- Effects Related to Pattern Use
- Immediate Drug Effects
- Subjective Effects
- Bodv Function
- Mental Function
- The Intoxicated State
- Unpleasant Reactions
- Anxiety States
- Psychosis
- Conclusions
- ShortTerm Effects
- Long Term Effects
- Very Long Term Effects
- Tolerance and Dependence
- General Body Function
- Social Functioning
- Mental Functioning
- Motivation and Behavioral Change
- Summary
III. Social Impact of Marihuana Use
- Marihuana and Public Safety
- Marihuana and Crime
- The Issue of Cause and Effect
- Marihuana and Violent Crime
- Marihuana and Non Violent Crime
- A Sociocultural Explanation
- Marihuana and Driving
- Marihuana, Public Health and Welfare
- A Public Health Approach
- The Population at Risk
- Confusion and Fact
- Assessment of Perceived Risks
- Lethality
- Potential for Genetic Damage
- Immediate Effects
- Effects of LongTerm, Heavy Use
- Addiction Potential
- Progression to Other Drugs
- Preventive Public Health Concerns
- Marihuana and the Dominant Social Order
- The Adult Marihuana User
- The Young Marihuana User
- The World of Youth
- Why Society Feels Threatened
- Dropping Out
- Dropping Down
- Youth and Radical Politics
- Youth and the Work Ethic
- The Changing Social Scene
IV. Social Response to Marihuana Use
- The Initial Social Response
- The Change
- The Current Response
- The Criminal Justice System
- Law Enforcement Behavior
- Law Enforcement Opinion
- The Non Legal Institutions
- The Family
- The Schools
- The Churches
- The Medical Community
- Summary
- The Public Response
V. Marihuana and Social Policy
- Drugs in a Free Society
- Drugs and Social Responsibility
- A Social Control Policy for Marihuana
- Approval of Use
- Elimination of Use
- Discouragement or Neutrality
- Implementing the Discouragement Policy
- The Role of Law in Effective Social Control
- Total Prohibition
- Regulation
- Partial Prohibition
- Recommendations for Federal Law
- Recommendations for State Law
- Discussion of Federal Recommendations
- Discussion of State Recommendations
- Discussion of Potential Objections
- A Final Comment
Addendum
Ancillary Recommendations
Legal and Law Enforcement Recommendations
Medical Recommendations
Other Recommendations
Index of Contributors, Contractors and Consultants
The Appendix
The Technical Papers of the First Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and
Drug Abuse, March, 1972
Letter of Transmittal
Members and Staff
Preface
Part One -- Biological Aspects
I. History of Marihuana Use: Medical and Intoxicant
II. Biological Effects of Marihuana
III. Behavioral and Biological Concomitants of Chronic Marihuana Smoking by Heavy and
Casual Users
Part Two -- Social Aspects
I. Marihuana Use in American Society
- Surveys of Marihuana Use
- The Incidence and Prevalence of Marihuana Use
- The Future of Marihuana
- Why People Use Marihuana
- Becoming a Marihuana User
- Circumstances of First Marihuana Use
- The Marihuana User
- The Patterns of Marihuana Use
- Marihuana Use and the User: 1972
II. Marihuana and the Use of Other Drugs
- Empirical Data on the Escalation Process
- Youth Drug Use Survey
- Summary
III. Marihuana and Public Safety
Part Three -- Legal Aspects
I. Control of Marihuana, Alcohol and Tobacco
II. The Legal Status of Marihuana
- International Control
- The Control of Marihuana Under Federal Law
- Control of Marihuana at the State Level
- The Role of Ancillary Offenses and Constructive Possession in Controlling Marihuana
- Marihuana Control at the Local Level
- Analysis of Statutes Requiring Physicians to Report Drug Addiction
III. Trafficking Patterns of Marihuana and Hashish
- Marihuana Traffic From Mexico
- Marihuana Traffic From Jamaica
- The Growing Hashish Traffic
Part Four -- Response of the Criminal Justice System to Marihuana Use
Introduction
I. Enforcement Behavior at the State Level
Enforcement Behavior at the Federal Level
- General Trends
- Federal Enforcement of the Marihuana Laws: 1970
III. Opinion Within the Criminal Justice System
- Prosecutorial Opinion
- Opinion of Court Officials
Part Five -- National Survey
I. A Nationwide Study of Beliefs, Information and Experiences
- Main Report
- Methods and Procedures
Part Six -- Social Policy Aspects
I. The Constitutional Dimensions of Marihuana Control
- Substantive Limitations on the Criminal Law
- Federal Preemption of Marihuana Control
II. Models and Statutory Schemes for Controlling Marihuana
- Law and Social Policy
- Legal Implementations of Marihuana Control Policies
- Formulating a Legal Scheme
- Implementation of Alcohol Prohibition
Marihuana and Education
- Drug Programs in American Education
- State Departments of Education Survey
- Commission Visits
- Drug Education Programs of Special Interest
- Marihuana Education in State Programs
- Surveys of College Drug Courses
- The Federal Government and Drug Education
Research Needs and Directions
- Biomedical
- Psychosocial
- Legal and Law Enforcement
Index of Contributors, Contractors and Consultants
Research Papers Prepared for the Commission
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