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THE TRAFFIC
IN
NARCOTICS
by
H. J. ANSLINGER
United States Commissioner of Narcotics
And
WILLIAM F. TOMPKINS
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey Former Chairman, Legislative Commission to Study Narcotics, General Assembly of New Jersey
Page iv
***************
Copyright, 1953, by Funk & Wagnalls, Company
The Traffic in Narcotics Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 53-6984 Copyright under the articles of the Copyright Convention of the Pan American Republics and the United States. Printed in the United States of America
***************
INDEX
Abercrombie, Dr. T. F., 202
abstinence, 247
as cure, 207 symptoms of, 234-235, 246, 253
action, program of, 294-303
Adanon, 27, 334
addiction, Army records on, 265,284
cause of, 196, 223, 249-253
association as, 190-191, 195, 196, 251, 252, 277
characteristics of, 244-249
crime and, 267-268 criminals and, 171-173
defined, 12, 67, 68, 223, 242-243,286
diagnosis of, 231-236, 253
establishment of, 174, 179-180, 224-225
guarding against, 179-180
harm produced by, 244 in Canada, 11, 76, 206-212
in United States, 11, 165 191-206, 257, 263-266P 281-285
legalizing, fallacy of, 185-191
medical aspects of, 242-258
personality types and, 223, 250-251
prevention of, 257-258
principal areas of (world), 266-267, 279-281
teen-age, 166, 171, 195-196, 197,231, 232,238
treatment. See treatment
addiction-producing drugs, defined, 67
fundamental structure of, 68
addicts, character of, 225-226
cocaine, 239
commitment of (proposed state law), 298-299
control of, 226-228, 297
deception by, to obtain narcotics, 258-262
defined, 123, 230
disposition of cases by physicians, 236-238 f
former, management of disease in, 240-241
marihuana, 239
medical, 223, 224, 250
parasitic nature of, 170, 274
rationing of, 189
relapsed, management of, 241
reporting of, 236
teen-age, 166, 171, 195-196, 197, 231, 232, 238
what physicians should understand about, 224-230
with chronic diseases, 238-239
Page 337
INDEX Page 338
Adrian, Michigan, addicts in, 265
Advisory Committee on Traffic in opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, 38, 45, 49-53, 57, 60, 61, 62, 219, 220, 276
Afghanistan, estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
Africa, hemp plant grown in, 18
Albania, estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
Albany, New York, narcotic clinic in, 199-200
alcohol, 123, 207, 232, 239, 243, 252, 253, 287
Alexandria, Louisiana, narcotic dispensary in, 204
American Hospital Association, 239
American Medical Association, 130, 178, 187, 188, 2,39, 275, 290, 333
Committee on Narcotic Drugs, 192
Journal of, 130, 178, 187, 230n., 275, 333
American Psychiatric Association, The, 239
amidone, 243, 334
aminophylline, 178
amphetamine, 243
Anslinger, Harry J., 70-71, 72-73, 74-75, 100, 101, 102, 103-104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115, 116, 278,285
Argentina, coca-leaf chewing in, 16
Asia Minor, poppy plant indigenous to, 13
association, as cause of addiction, 190-191, 195, 196, 251,252,277
asthma, severe, danger of opiates in, 178
Atlanta, Georgia, narcotic clinic in, 201-203
Penitentiary, 194
atomic energy, narcotics control pattern suggested for, 59-60
Austria, Shanghai Conference (1909), 29
Babylonians, knowledge of poppy's medicinal properties spread by, 1
Baltimore, Maryland, addiction in, 282
City Council, 222
barbiturates, 117-118, 123, 232, 239, 243, 244, 252, 253, 254,287
Baumm, 183
Bethel, Huckart W., 151
bhang, 18, 19
Bing, 184
Boggs Act, 170, 264, 293, 295-296
Boland, Dr. F. K., 202
Bolivia, coca-leaf chewing in, 16, 56-57, 280-281
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, 56-57
source of cocaine, 16
Bonhoeffer, 225
Bouquet, Dr. J., 276-277
INDEX Page 339
Brazil, coca-leaf chewing in, 16.
hemp plant grown in, 18
marihuana in, 18, 280
British Malaya, opium smoking in, 54
British North. Borneo, opium smoking in, 54
bromides, 239, 243
Brunei, opium smoking in, 54
Buchalter, Louis (Lepke), 277
Buchalter-Katzenberg case, 59
Bulgaria, illicit traffic in, 51 poppy plant grown in, 13
Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc., 332
Burma, hemp plant in, 18
opium smoking in, 54
source of narcotic supply, 10, 280
California, Bureau of Narcotics, 301
Canada, drug addiction in, 11, 76,277
heroin in, 76
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
narcotic clinics in, 206-212
Canadian Narcotic Service, 206
Canadian Pacific Steamship Company, 144
Canaperia, Giovanni Alberto (Italy UN observer) , 105-107, 108, 109, 1112 112
cancer cases, opiates in, 178
Cannabis, addiction to, in Mexico, 281
control of, 37, 39
Cannabis indica, 18
Cannabis mexicana, 18
Cannabis sativa L., 18, 117
case histories and records, criminal records of addicts, 268-274
deception by addicts to obtain narcotics, 260-262
marihuana, 22-25
penalties for peddlers, 296
Ceylon, opium smoking in, 54
Chapman, Dr. Kenneth W., 278,285,289,290,292
charas, 18, 19
Chemistry of the Opium Alkaloids (Small), 176, 333-334
Cheng Lao San, 79-80
Chicago, Illinois, narcotic clinics in, 229
narcotic problem in, 282
narcotic squad in, 301
China, drug legislation in, 3, 6, 9
estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
Hague Convention, The (1912), 32
hemp plant in, 18
heroin in, 9, 63
illicit traffic in, 76-84, 92-99
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
morphine in, 9, 73-74, 78
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium in, 2, 3-10, 30, 63, 73, 280
Opium War, 4, 7-8, 76-84
INDEX Page 340
China (cont'd):
poppy plant grown in, 13
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
source of narcotic supply, 10
See also Hong Kong; Japan; Korea
chira, 19
chloral, 117
civil liability, 136-137
clinic plan, 185-191, 294
abuse under the, 188-189
clinics, narcotic, in Canada, 206-212
in the United States, 191-206, 229, 285, 289-290
Cloetta, 245
coca leaves, 244
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, 56-57
derivatives of, 117, 230
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
legislation, 120-121
principal uses of, 16
production control, 39
cocaine, 16-18, 243
description of, 16-18, 286-287
diagnosis of addiction to, 233 discovery of, 17
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32
illicit traffic in, 34-35
intermittent nature of addiction to, 252
international control, 31, 32, 33
medicinal uses, 17
sniffed by addicts, 17
source of, 16
statistics, 52
traffic in United States, 281
coca-leaf chewing, 16-17, 56-57
codeine, abstinence from, 235, 247
derivative of morphine, 14, 16
isolated from opium, 14
medicinal uses, 16
coffee, 243
Colombia, coca-leaf chewing in, 16
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, 56-57
Communists, traffic in narcotic drugs, 10-11
compulsory treatment, 240, 291
concealment, places of, 171-173
Copeland, Dr. Royal, 290
coqueo, 16
cough remedies, 15, 181, 182, 183
courts, prosecution and the, 167
See also U. S. Supreme Court
crime, drug addiction and, 194
marihuana and, 25-26
narcotics and, 267-278
criminals, addiction and, 171-173
cure. See treatment
Czechoslovakia, addiction in, 279
dagga, 18
Dangerous Drugs (Woods), 271
Davison, Dr., 289
INDEX Page 341
Demerol, 26, 117, 243
diagnosis of addiction to, 253,334
desomorphine, 178
Detroit, Michigan, narcotic traffic in, 282
Devakul (Thailand UN observer), 99, 100
diacetylmorphine, 15
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31
international control, 31
seized in Japan, 113
diagnosis, of addiction, 231-236, 253
diarrhea, opium used in treatment of, 2, 14, 15
dicodid, 14, 183-184
dihydrocodeinone, 243
abstinence symptoms, 235
dihydromorphinone, 243
abstinence symptoms, 235, 247
dihydromorphinone hydrochloride, 15
dilaudid, 14, 15, 184-185, 243
dionin, 14, 15
disarmament, narcotics control pattern suggested for, 59-60
disease, management of, in former addicts, 240-241
Dixon, W. E., 183
djamba, 18
dolantin, 243, 334
dolophine, 27, 243, 334
Dorn, Major Harold F., 265
Dowling, Dr. Oscar F., 206
Dromoran, 27, 334
abstinence symptoms, 235
druggists, deceptions by addicts to obtain narcotics from, 258-262
inventory, 124
Prescriptions, 125-132
registration of, 124
registry number, 124
responsibility of, 132
drugs, narcotic, comparison of degree of narcosis, 182
dysentery, opium used as remedy for, 2
East India Company, 2, 3, 4, 5
Eddy, Dr. Nathan B., 175, 177, 178, 183, 184, 245, 334
education, anti-narcotic, 219-221
Egypt, chira in, 19
drug addiction in, 11, 280
hashish in, 19
knowledge Of poppy's medicinal properties in, 1
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
smuggling. 101
Eliopoulos, Elie, 59
enforcement of narcotic laws, 165-171
levels of, 301-303
responsibility for, 168-171
England. See Great Britain
ephedrine, 178
epinephrine, 178
erythroxyline, 17
Erythroxylon coca Lamarck, 16
esrar, 18
ethylmorphine hydrochloride, 15
eucodal, 182-183, 243
abstinence symptoms, 235
INDEX Page 342
Expert Committee on Drugs Liable to Produce Addiction, 64-65
definition of addiction-forming drugs, 67-68
definition of drug addiction, 67
definition of habit-forming drugs, 68
Ezzat, Ibrahim (Egypt UN representative), 101, 103, 104
famine, opium and, 2
federal jurisdiction, 117-154
Fishbein, Dr. Morris, 130
follow-up treatment, 228, 240, 297
Food and Drug Administration, 334
Foreign Policy Association, 55
Formosa, 114, 189, 190, 267, 290
opium smoking in, 54, 189, 190,267
Formosa plan, the, 189-190
France, addiction in, 279, 280
illict traffic driven from, 51
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium smoking suppressed by, 56
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
French Indochina, opium smoking in, 54
ganja, 19
Gardeke, 17
Geilen, 224
General Federation of Women's Clubs, 222
Geneva Convention (1925), 33-34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64, 65, 140, 143, 257
provisions of, 43-44
Germany, drug addiction in, 11,279
estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
Permanent Central Board and, 43
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
gil, 1
Gilmartin, Peter F., 201
Gioffredi, 245
Goodman, Judge Louis E., 154
Great Britain, drug addiction in, 11, 279, 280
Indian hemp in, 18
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium smoking suppressed by, 56
Opium War, 4, 7-8
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
Greece, chira in, 19
hemp plant grown in, 18
heroin in, 63
knowledge of poppy's medicinal properties in, 1
Griffin, Dr. Clifford, 201
INDEX Page 343
habit-forming drugs, defined, 68, 123,230
habituation, 244-245, 248-249, 252
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32, 33, 40, 49-50, 53, 57, 138, 149, 185, 283, 317
Harrison Narcotic Act, 118-119, 123, 124, 128, 138-139, 156, 159, 166 174, 185, 187, 189, 195: 198, 199, 204, 257, 263-264, 276, 285, 291, 319
constitutionality of, 133
hashish, 18, 243
Heard, Augustine, & Company, 8
hemp, methods of use by addicts, 19
hemp plant, 18
heptazone, 243
Herbst, Dr., 293
heroin, depressant drug, 287
derivative of morphine, 14
description of, 15
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31
in China, 9, 10
illicit traffic in, 63
international control, 31-32, 33
legislation, 11, 15
prices of, 281
seizures of, 83-84
smuggling, 10, 11, 63, 70, 79-80, 91-92, 281
statistics, 52
symptoms of abstinence, 235, 247
Hesse, Erich, 224, 225
Himmelsbach, C. K., 184, 246, 248,285,384
Holland. See Netherlands
Hong Kong, illicit traffic in, 86-91,113-115
Opium in, 54, 63
prices for narcotics in, 114=115
smuggling activities, 70, 71
hospitals, for teen-age addicts (New York city), 229, 284
Marine (Baltimore), 175
Massachusetts Health Department, 175
New York City, 193
United States Public Health Service, 122-123, 175, 229, 231, 239, 240, 241, 242, 257, 264, 278, 284, 285-286
University of Michigan, 175-176
Walter Reed, 175
Hsia (Chinese UN representative), 73
Hubbard, S. Dana, 195, 205-206
Hungary, Shanghai conference (1909), 29
hydrotherapy, 255
hyoscine, 254
Incas, coca-leaf chewing by, 16
India, addiction in, 280
drug legislation in, 19
hemp consumption in, 19
INDEX Page 344
India (cont'd):
hemp plant in, 18
marihuana in, 18
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium in, 2, 4, 54, 58
poppy plant grown in, 13
source of narcotic supply, 10
Indian hemp, 18, 19, 230
insulin, 254
Internal Revenue, Director of, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125
Internal Revenue Code, 118, 127,149
international cooperation, in narcotics control, 29-116
Geneva Convention (1925), 33-34, 35, 36, 39, 40 41, 43, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64: 65, 140, 143, 257
provisions of, 43-44
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32, 33, 40, 49-50, 53, 57, 138, 149, 185, 283, 317
Limitation Convention (1931), 34-36, 41-43, 46, 49, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 117, 143, 149, 219n.
provisions of, 44-45
Protocol of 1946, 38, 45, 49, 61,65
Protocol of 1948, 27-28, 64, 65, 66, 67, 140
Shanghai conference (1909), 29-30, 31,53
United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs. See United Nations
International Opium Commission, 29, 30, 31, 53
International Opium Conference (Geneva, 1925), 33-34
international police cooperation, 59
Iran, member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
opium in, 42-43, 54, 58, 280
poppy plant grown in, 13
source of narcotic supply, 10
Isbell, Dr. Harris, 177n., 231, 242
isomethadone, 243
isonipecaine, 26, 117, 123, 230
Istanbul, Turkey, addiction in, 280
Italy, drug legislation in, 11, 279
heroin in, 11, 63
illicit traffic in, 105-112
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
source of narcotic supply, 10, 11
Japan, addiction in, 11, 280
heroin in, 10
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium in, 10
opium used as war tool by, 8-10
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
Jardine, William, 7
INDEX Page 345
Journal, The (American Medical Association), 180, 178, 187, 230n., 275
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 177n.
juvenile delinquency, 166
kif, 18
King, R. B., 184
Kleinschmidt, 183
Kobe, Japan, 83
Kolb, Dr. Lawrence, Sr., 223, 244, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 285, 286, 292
Korea, heroin in, 85-86
morphine in, 85
opium in, 85, 280
Kowalczyk, Mrs. (Poland UN representative), 115
Kreuger, 177n., 334
Krishnamoorthy, E. S. (India UN representative), 101, 107
Kruysse (Netherlands UN representative) 100, 103
Kwangchow-wan, 141
opium smoking in, 54
Kwantung Leased Territory, Opium smoking in, 54
La Guardia Committee on marihuana, 168
laudanum, 14, 2,31, 284
League of Nations, 34, 36, 38, 39, 44, 46, 49-50, 57, 59, 188, 189, 206, 219, 220, 257
Health Committee, 45, 64, 65,66
Lebanon, hemp plant in, 18
source of narcotic supply, 10
legislation, 118-122, 138-141 146-147, 174, 257, 293: 295-296, 302, 303
Boggs Act (1951), 170, 264, 293, 295-296
effective, basic requirement for, 297-298
enforcement of 165-171 levels of, 301-303 responsibility for, 168-171
Harrison Narcotic Act, 118-119, 123, 124, 128, 138-139, 174, 257, 263-264, 276, 285, 291
heroin, 11, 15
in China, 3, 6, 9
in India, 19
in Italy, 11
in United States, 15, 26, 27
Indian hemp, 19
isonipecaine, 26
marihuana, 26
Marihuana Tax Act, 118, 119-120,149
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, 118, 120-121, 139-140, 276
opium, 3, 6, 9
Opium Poppy Control Act (1942), 137-138
Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, 127-128, 155-164, 169, 170, 283, 293
Levin, William, 152, 278
Liang (China UN representative), 113
Limitation Convention (1931), 34-36, 41-43, 46, 49, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 117, 143, 149, 219n.
INDEX Page 346
provisions of, 44-45
Lin Tsê hsü, 6, 7
lobotomy, prefrontal, 255
Los Angeles, California, narcotic clinic in, 205-206
narcotic problem in, 283
narcotic squad in, 301
Louisiana Medical Association, 204
Louisiana State Board of Health, 204, 206
Lutz, 334
Macao, opium smoking in, 54
Macedonia, poppy plant grown in, 13
maconha, 18
Malaya, anti-narcotic propaganda, 219
illicit traffic in, 91
opium smoking in, 54
source of narcotic supply, 10
manzoul, 18
Marabella (schooner), 141-142
marihuana, 18-26, 287
case histories, 22-25
commercial uses, 18-19
defined, 117
description of, 18-26
diagnosis of addiction to, 233
effect on the individual, 20-22
La Guardia Committee on, 168
legislation, 26, 118, 119-120, 149
methods of use by addicts, 19, 20
smuggling, 20
social aspects, 25-26
therapeutic value, 19, 20-21
Marihuana Tax Act, 118, 119-120, 149
Marine Hospital (Baltimore), 175
Marme, 245
Marshall, Humphrey, 8
Massachusetts Health Department hospitals, 175
May, Herbert L., 60, 75, 111
Mayer, R. F., 184
McCarthy, Judge William T., 276
medical addicts, 223, 224, 250
medical science, narcotics and, 174-212
Melchior, Mrs. (Poland UN representative), 74
meperidine, 231, 232, 233, 243
abstinence symptoms, 235
diagnosis of addiction to, 253
Merck, 14
mescaline, 243
Methadone, 27, 68, 228, 231, 233, 243, 334
abstinence symptoms, 235
diagnosis of addiction to, 253
substitute for morphine, 254
methyldihydromorphinone, 243
metopon, 243
abstinence symptoms, 235, 247
Mexican Penal Act, 300
Mexico, addiction in, 277
hemp plant grown in, 18
marihuana in, 281
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
INDEX Page 347
Mexico (cont'd):
source of narcotic supply, 10
Micbelsen, Judge Twain, 271-272
Michigan, narcotic traffic in, 282
State Board of Health, 265
University of, 175
hospital, 175-176
Michigan Medical Society, 283
Migliardi, Professor, 106, 108-109, 110
Mills, Wilbur D., 146
Minnesota, legislation and addiction in, 298
Mohammedanism, opium and, 2
Morocco, hemp consumption in, 19
marihuana in, 18
morphine, depressant drug, 287
derivatives of, 14
description of, 14-15
factory in China, 73-74
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32
illicit traffic in, 34, 52
international control, 30, 31-32, 33
isolated from opium, 14
medicinal uses, 14-15, 174
pleasure induced by, 249
research, 175, 180-181
Shanghai conference (1909), 30
smuggling, 142
statistics, 52
substitutes for, 182-185, 254
Supervisory Body, action of, 49
Symptoms of abstinence, 234-235, 247, 248, 252
tolerance, 180
VS. other remedies, 178-179
morphine hydrochloride, 14
morphine sulfate, 14
Mosettig, Dr. Erich, 175, 384
Motion Picture Producers Association of America, 215
Mueller de la Fuente, 184
Murder, Inc., 277
N. Y. K. (Japanese) Steamship Company, 145
Naguib, General, 280
N-allylnormorphine, 236
Nanking, Treaty of (1842), 4, 7
narceine, 14
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, 118, 120-121, 139-140, 149, 159, 276, 319
Narcotic Educational Association of Michigan, Inc., 275
narcotine, 14
Nasholds, Millard K., 86
National Research Council, Committee on Drug Addiction and Narcotics, 27, 175, 176, 177, 230-231, 243, 286, 332-335
National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 221
Nedins, Dr. J. W., 205
Netherlands, Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32
INDEX Page 348
Netherlands (cont'd):
illicit traffic in, 51
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium smoking, suppressed by, 56, 280
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
Netherlands Indies, opium smoking in, 54
New Haven, Connecticut, narcotic clinic in, 200-201
New Jersey, efforts to combat addiction in, 281-282, 285, 296, 297, 300, Sol, 303
New Orleans, Louisiana, addiction in, 283
New York City, New York, Department of Health, 193, 194,195,196,206
hospital for teen-age addicts, 229
narcotic clinics, 193-199
narcotic squad in, 301
Prison, 194
Woman's Workhouse, Blackwell's Island, 194
New York State, narcotic clinics in, 193-200, 290
Newark New Jersey, narcotic squad in, 301
Newman (Neiditch) brothers, 278
Nieman, 17
Nikolic, Dragon (Yugoslavia UN representative), 101, 102,103
Nisentil, 27
Norfolk, Virginia, addiction in, 283
Novocaine, 17
occupational therapy, 212, 228, 256
Office International d'Hygiene Publique, 45, 65, 66
opium, abstinence symptoms, 247
alkaloids, chemistry of, 176
pharmacology of, 177-178
anatomy of, 13-16
codeine isolated from, 14
defined, 13
derivatives of, 13-16, 117, 182, 230, 243
history of, 1-9
legislation, 3, 6, 120-121
medicinal uses, 1-3, 11, 13-16, 174
morphine isolated from, 14
production, limitation of, 57-58
smoking, suppression of, 53-56, 62
smuggling, 8, 10, 63, 72, 73, 141
tool of war, 8-10
traffic in, 3-8, 76-84
Opium Advisory Committee, 38, 49-53, 57, 60, 61, 62, 219, 220, 276
duties, 50
effectiveness, 50
Opium Poppy Control Act (1942), 137-138, 149
Opium War (1840-42), 4, 7-8
INDEX Page 349
Or, Cenalettin, 100
oxydimorphine, 245, 247
Palmerston, Lord, 7
pantopon, 128
Papaver somniferum Linne, 13
papaverine, discovery of, 14
medicinal use, 16
papaverine hydrochloride, 16
Paracelsus, 14
paregoric, 14, 128
Parents-Teacher Associations, 222
Parmagini, Antone (Black Tony), 151, 152, 278
Paschal, Dr., 206
penalties, for violation of Harrison Narcotic Act, 119
imposed on peddlers and addicts, 103-104, 167, 264, 280, 282, 293, 295-298, 300
Pennsylvania, addiction in, 282
Bureau of Narcotics, 301
Permanent Central Board, 34, 39-45, 46, 47, 48, 74, 75
annual report (1951), 42
membership, 89-40
Washington office, 53
Persia, knowledge of poppy's medicinal properties in, 1
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
Peru, coca-leaf chewing in, 16, 56-57, 280-281
cocaine factories closed in, 18,281
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf, 56-57
member of United Nations
Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
source of cocaine, 16
pethidine, 68, 334
peyote, 230, 243, 287
Pharmacology of the Opium Alkaloids, The, 177, 334
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, addiction in, 282
Philippines, illicit traffic in, 91
narcotic drug problem in, 29, 53, 55
physepteone, 243
physical dependence, 244, 245-246, 247, 254
physicians, basic principles for, 230
change of address, 125
deceptions by addicts to obtain narcotics from, 258-262
disposition of addiction cases by, 236-238
inspection, 125
inventory, 124
order forms, 125
prescriptions, 125-132
professional liability, 128-130
registration of, 123-125
registry number, 124
Uniform Narcotic Drug Act and, 164
what they should understand about addicts, 224-230
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, addiction in, 282
Poland, estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
INDEX Page 350
police, local, responsibility of, 169-170, 274
Poole, Lamarr, 202
poppy, 1, 11
control of, 37
cultivation in China, 9
in antiquity, 1-3
medicinal properties of, 1-3
Portugal, Opium Advisory Committee, 50
opium smoking suppressed by, 56, 280
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
prescriptions, 125-132
Court decision on nature of, 187-188
filling, 126-127
legality, 125-126
state controls, 127-128
procaine, 17
propaganda, anti-narcotic, 219-221
prosecution, Courts and, 167
proselytism, 300
Protocol of 1946, 38, 45, 49, 61, 65
Protocol of 1948, 27-28, 64, 65, 66 ,67,140
Providence, Rhode Island, narcotic clinic in, 201
psychoneurotic disorders, 223, 250-251
psychopaths, 223, 251
psychotherapy, 228, 240, 256, 289
public attitude, need for intelligent, 228-229
public opinion, need for enlightened, 168, 192
publicity, 213-222
Ratigan, Dr. Thomas P., Jr., 135-136
Reed, William B., 8
rehabilitative therapy, 253, 255-257
Reichard, Dr. J. D., 227
Reid, 183, 184
relapse, tendency to, 252
reporting, problems of, 217-218
research, 175-178, 180-181, 229, 258, 284, 285, 286, 333-334
Rhein, Dr. J. H. W., 209
Richmond, Virginia, addiction in, 283
Richtzenhain, 184
Rickmann, 183
Ries, 184
Robiquet, 14
Rochester, New York, narcotic clinic in, 200
Roller, 184
Romania, estimates of narcotic drugs, 47
Rowe, Burton F., 151
Russell & Company, 8
Russia. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sabath, Adolph J., 147
St. Louis, Missouri, narcotic traffic in, 282
Sametinger, 184
San Diego, California, narcotic clinic in, 205, 206
Sanders, B. S., 184
santonin, 71
Sarawak, opium smoking in, 54
Schelenz, 184
Schiapparelli case, 106, 108-109
INDEX Page 351
scopolamine, 254
seamen, smuggling by, 101-103,144-148
Seevers, 245, 247, 248
Senate Committee on Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, 168
Serturner, 14
Shanghai conference (1909), 29-30, 31, 53
Sharman, Colonel C. H. L. (Canada UN representative), 76, 101, 102, 103,104, 110, 206
shipping, narcotics in relation to, 141-148
Shreveport, Louisiana, narcotic clinic in, 203-204, 290
Siam. See Thailand
Sing Sing Prison, 194
Singapore, 114, 115
Small, Dr. Lyndon F., 175, 176, 178, 292, 334
smuggling, 141-148
by seamen, 101-102, 144-148
from China, 69-71
from Korea, 69-71
heroin, 10, 11, 63, 70-72, 79-80, 91-92, 281
into United States, 20, 41, 63, 91-92, 141, 150, 165
marihuana , 20
morphine, 142
opium, 8, 10, 63, 72, 73, 141
postwar methods, 145-148
prewar methods, 141-145
sociological implications, 263-293
sources, of narcotic supply, 10 control at, 135, 136
South Africa, marihuana in, 18
Spier, Dr. S. L., 201
states, responsibility of, 155-164
Steil, 224
Straits Settlements, anti-narcotic propaganda in, 219
Sumerians , Poppy cultivated by, 1
Sumwalt, 177n., 334
Supervisory Body, 42,45-49
appointments to, 45, 66
branch office in Washington, 53
composition, 45
functions, 46-48
mandate of, 49
members, 45, 206
personal qualifications of, 46
tenure of office, 46
results, 48-49
secretariat, 46
Switzerland, 279
illicit traffic in, 51
Sydenharn, 13
synthetic narcotic drugs, 26-27, 283
Syria, chira in, 19
hashish in, 19
hemp plant in, 18
source of narcotic supply, 10
takrouri, 18, 19
Tatum, 245, 247, 248
tea, 243
teen-age addiction, 166, 171, 195-196, 197, 231, 232, 238
Texas, addiction in, 282-283
Thailand (Siam), Opium Advisory Committee, 50
Opium cultivation in, 100
INDEX Page 352
Thailand (Siam) (cont'd): opium smoking in, 54, 56, 63, 100, 280
propaganda in, 219
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
source of narcotic supply, 10
thebaine, 14, 182
therapy, occupational, 212, 228, 256
rehabilitative, 253, 255-257
Tientsin, China, 9
To, Dr. Tsungming, 189-190, 267,290
tobacco, 243
Tokyo, Japan, 84
tolerance, defined, 244 development of, 245, 250, 287, 288
Treadway, Dr. Walter, 286
treatment, 226-228, 236-241, 253-258, 289, 303
addicts with chronic diseases, 238-239
adolescent addicts, 238
choice of institution, 239
cocaine addicts, 239
compulsory, 240, 291
disposition of cases by physicians, 236-238
facilities for, 229-230
follow-up, 228, 240, 297
marihuana addicts, 239
Treaty of Nanking (1842), 4, 7
Trieste, heroin investigation in, 63
Tsungming, Dr., To, 189-190, 267,290
Tunisia, addiction in, 277
hemp consumption in, 19
takrouri in, 18, 19
Turkey, addiction in, 11, 280
hemp plant in, 18
heroin in, 63
marihuana in, 18
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
opium production in, 58
poppy plant grown in, 13
source of narcotic supply, 10
Turner, 8
Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, 127-128, 155-164, 169, 170,283,293
text of, 318-331
what it will accomplish, 317-318
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, addiction in, 74-75, 279
estimates on narcotic drugs, 47
Shanghai conference (1909), 29
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations, 283
Bulletin on Narcotics, 242
Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 45, 47, 53, 60-64, 67, 208, 220
action on coca-leaf chewing, 56-57
Canadian representative, 206
composition, 61
discussions of, examples, 69-116
duties, 61-62
established, 38, 60
INDEX Page 353
United Nations (cont'd):
Commission on Narcotic Drugs (cont'd):
international control procedures, 27-28
opium production, limitation of, 57-58
recommendations made by, 62-63
report (March 10, 1952), 10
sessions, 40, 46, 57, 58, 61, 63,145,147,148
tenure of members, 61
unified Convention proposed by, 38-39
United States representative, 149
Economic and Social Council, 38, 40, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63,147,220
San Francisco Conference, 60
Secretary-General, 46, 49, 61, 162, 63, 147, 148, 220
United Nations World (magazine), 60
United States
Bureau of Narcotics, 134-135, 143, 144, 148-154, 166 167, 169, 170, 188, 221, 240, 258, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 274, 284, 301, 334
booklet recommended by, 222
duties of, 149
established, 117, 140
international police co-operation, 59
investigational methods, 149-154
investigations conducted in Italy, 11
marihuana eradication program, 26
reporting of addicts, 236
studies of relationship between crime and addiction, 268
synthetic narcotic drugs and, 26-27
Coast Guard, 142
cocaine traffic in, 281
Commissioner of Narcotics, 38, 55, 59, 135, 136, 137, 140, 148, 149, 265, 270, 278, 287, 288,332
Customs Bureau, 149
drug addiction in, 11, 165, 191-206, 257, 263-266, 281-285
federal jurisdiction, 117-154
Geneva Convention (1925), 33
Hague Convention, The (1912), 31-32
hemp plant grown in, 18
heroin in, 10
illicit traffic in, 145
marihuana in, 20
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
narcotic clinics in, 191-206, 229, 285, 289-290
Opium Advisory Committee, 50
INDEX Page 354
United States (cont'd):
opium in, 10
opium production, efforts to limit, 57-58
opium smoking suppressed by, 53-56
President, 117, 264
Secretary of the Treasury, 27, 117, 148, 166
Shanghai conference (1909), 29,30
smuggling of narcotics into, 20, 41, 63, 91-92, 141, 150,165
State Department, 149
Supreme Court, 133, 134, 167, 187, 290, 295
Treasury Department, 117, 119, 302
United States Pharmacopoeia, definition of opium, 13
United States Public Health Service, 27, 175, 176, 178, 184, 284, 332, 334
hospitals, 122-123, 175, 229, 231, 239, 240, 241, 242, 257, 264, 278, 284, 285-286
survey (1924), 265
Vaille, Charles (France UN representative), 75, 100, 105, 108, 110, 112, 114
Versailles Peace Treaty, 49
Virginia, addiction in, 283
University of, 175, 176
Vogel, Dr. Victor H., 242
Walker (England UN representative), 104, 108, 114
Walter Reed Hospital, 175
wars, drug addiction and, 55
Washington, D. C., addiction in, 282, 283, 285
Washington Psychiatric Society, 278
Webber, Max, 153
Wehl, 184
Weinberg, 184
Whittemore Gang, 270
Wikler, 245, 246, 248, 252
Williams, Dr. E. H., 205, 292
Williams, Lenneth F., 152, 153
Wilson, R. S. S., 206-207, 274
Wisconsin, legislation and addiction in, 298
withdrawal, of drugs from addicts, 253-255
Wohlgemuth, 183
Woods, Arthur, 271
World Health Organization, 27, 28, 45, 64-67
functions, 65-66
World War II, opium and, 8
Yokohama, Japan, 82, 83-84
Yugoslavia, illicit traffic in, 51
member of United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 61
opium production in, 58
poppy plant grown in, 13
Yung Chen, Emperor, 3
Yunnan, source of opium, 280
Zakusov (U.S.S.R. UN representative), 72, 74
Zonov, Vasili (U.S.S.R. UN representative), 99, 104, 105, 115