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Table 5.1
ETS Exposure and infertility or fecundability:
Adult Exposure
Authors (yr) |
Design |
Exposure Definition |
Results1 |
Comments |
| Tokuhata (1968) United States (Memphis) |
Questionnaire to next-of-kin. Case-control study of cancer (n = 2,016) |
Husband smoked | Had lowest risk of never having been pregnant. OR:OR = 0.67 (0.46-0.98) |
Not adjusted. Crude measure of infertility. Lifetime history. |
| Baird & Wilcox (1985) United States (Minnesota) |
Retrospective interview of pregnant volunteers (n = 678) | Husband smoking | No association with delay to conception after adjustment for active smoking and confounders. | Thorough questions about delay. Not a representative sample (high SES). Data not shown. |
| Suonio et al. (1990) Finland |
Retrospective interview at prenatal care clinics,
population-based (n = 2,198) |
Husband smoking | Adjusted OROR of delayed conception (6-12 mo): = 1.3 (1.2 -1.4), potentiated by age. |
No data on intercourse or contraception. Included smokers. |
| Olsen (1991) Denmark |
Retrospective questionnaire to pregnant women (n = 10,886) |
Husband smoking | OR:OR = 1.3 (1.0 -1.8) for ³ 20 cigs/day and delay >6 mos. In maternal nonsmokers. OR in smokers:OR = 1.6 (1.3 - 2.1) in smokers. |
No data on intercourse. Spouse smoking during pregnancy (vs. before). |
| Florack et al. (1994) The Netherlands |
Interview of women planning pregnancy, follow 12 months (n= 259) Prospective |
Partner smoking | FR1: = 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) for 1-10 cigs/day FR: = 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) for >10 cigs/day |
Not adjusted. Includes female smokers. |
1 OR -= odds ratio:, SES -= socioeconomic status;, FR -= fecundability ratio; Fecundability ratio (FR) indicates probability of conception at each cycle. FR >1 indicates improved" fecundability, whereas FR <1 indicates sub-fecundability, when comparing 2 groups.
Table 5.2
ETS Exposure and infertility or fecundability:
Childhood Exposure
Authors (yr) |
Design |
Exposure Definition |
Results |
Comments |
| Wilcox et al. (1989) Minnesota |
Re-interview women who had pregnancy (n = 631) |
Parental smoking (childhood ETS and in -utero exposure)2 |
FR1 := 1.3 (1.1 -1.6) for 1 or 2 household smokers, 1.6 (1.1 -2.2) for more |
Biologic plausibility? In -utero exposure FR = 0.9. Other characteristics of moms not ascertained. |
| Weinberg et al. (1989) North Carolina |
Prospective study after stopping birth control (n = 230) |
Childhood exposure to smokers. In- utero xposure2 |
FR: = 1.0 crude FR: = 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) if exposed. to 2 smokers, adjusted. for in -utero exposure and other variables |
Selected group. In -utero exposure FR = 0.5 (0.4, 0.8). Exposure prior to attempt to conceive. |
| Schwingl (1992) California |
Prospective exposure (of mother) and cross- | Childhood exposure | FR: = 1.1 for 1 smoker FR: = 1.2 for 2 smokers (p>0.2) |
Exposure from mother herself. Adjusted. |
| sectional (n = 318) | In -utero exposure2 | FR: = 1.2 (0.9-1.4), no dose- response |
No association of FR with active smoking. |
1 Fecundability ratio (FR) indicates probability of conception at each cycle. FR >1 indicates "improved" fecundability,
whereas FR <1 indicates sub-fecundability, when comparing 2 groups.
2 In -utero exposure indicates that the mother of the target participant smoked during her pregnancy.