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TABLE 7.1
EXPOSURE TO SPOUSE'S SMOKING AND RELATIVE RISK (RR)
OF ALL CANCERS IN ADULTS
Cohort Studies # Cases Exposure to RR (95% CI) for
Passive Smoking Spouse's Smoking
Hirayama, 1984 Husband's smoking
All cancers
a
There were 200 lung cancers in Hirayama (1984); 2 lung cancers in Sandler et al., 1989;b
90% CI confidence intervals.c
The distribution of the 71 cancers by husband's smoking was not presented; the specificTABLE 7.2A
HAIR CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN
WOMEN AND THEIR NEWBORN INFANTS
Mean (SEM)* Mean (SEM)
Concentration of Concentration of
Nicotine (ng/ml) Cotinine (ng/ml)
Active smoking women (n=36) 19.2 (4.9) 6.3 (4.0)
Newborn of active smoking women 2.4 (0.9) 2.8 (0.8)
Passive smoking womena (n=23) 3.2 (0.8) 0.9 (0.3)
Newborn of passive smoking women 0.28 (0.05) 0.6 (0.15)b
Nonsmoking women (n=35) 1.2 (0.4) 0.3 (0.06)
Newborn of nonsmoking women 0.4 (0.09) 0.26 (0.04)
Reference: Eliopoulos et al. (1994)
a
Defined as regular and steady gestational exposure to other persons cigarette smoke, either at home or in the workplace.b
p< 0.01 when compared to newborns of active smoking women and newborns of nonsmokers.
*
(SEM) = Standard error of the mean.
TABLE 7.2B
4-AMINOBIPHENYL HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCT CONCENTRATIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND FETUSES BY EXPOSURE
TO TOBACCO SMOKE
Mean Standard
Concentration Deviation
(pg/g of hemoglobin)
Nonsmoking pregnant women
a
Reference: Coghlin et al. (1991)b
Reference: Hammond et al. (1993)c
This represented weekly average nicotine concentrations measured during the third trimester when each subject wore a lightweight monitor. Nonsmoking women in this study were the same nonsmoking pregnant women reported in Coghlin et al. 1991.TABLE 7.2C
COTININE AND PAH-ALBUMIN LEVELS IN MOTHERS
AND THEIR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Mean (SE)
* Mean (SE) PAH-Cotinine (ng/ml) albumin (fmol/m g)
Level Level
Active smoking women (n=31) 170 (21.2) 0.80 (0.15)
Preschool children of 4.14 (0.54) 0.35 (0.07)
active smoking women
Passive smoking women
a (n=32) 1.64 (0.97) 0.49 (0.08)Preschool children of 0.87 (0.20)
b 0.18 (0.04)cpassive smoking women
Nonsmoking women (n=24) 0.96 (0.79) 0.31 (0.08)
Preschool children of 0.25 (0.12) 0.15 (0.02)
non-smoking women
Reference: Crawford et al. (1994)
Abbreviations: PAH = polyaromatic hydrocarbon; SE = standard error
a
Exposure to ETS at home from other household members and visitors.b
Levels in preschool children in households with ETS exposure were significantly higherc
Levels in preschool children in households with ETS exposure were not significantly higher than those in children in nonsmoking households.
*
(SE) = Standard errorTABLE 7.3
MATERNAL SMOKING DURING INDEX PREGNANCY AND RISK OF
ALL CHILDHOOD CANCERS COMBINED
Cohort Studies # Cases Smoking Odds Ratio (95% CI)
(Age of Subjects) Habits for Maternal Smoking
(cig/day)
Neutel and Buck, 1970 34 No 1.0
(Age <10) 30 Yes 1.3 (0.8 - 2.2)
Pershagen et al., 1992 230 No 1.0
(Age <5) 61 <10 1.04 (0.8 - 1.4)
36 >10 0.92 (0.6 - 1.3)
Case-Control # Cases/ Smoking Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Studies # Controls Habits for Maternal Smoking
(Age of Subjects) (cig/day)
Stjernfeldt et al., 1986 177/220 0 1.0
(Age <16) 30/35 1-9 1.07 (0.6 - 1.8)
73/58 10+ 1.56 (1.1 - 2.3)
McKinney et al., 1986 555/1100
a
Numbers represent total cases/controls. Case/control distribution of maternal smoking by case/control status was not presented.b
Case-cohort study.TABLE 7.4
STUDY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOUR U.S. CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
OF LUNG CANCER AND ETS PUBLISHED SINCE 1991
Stockwell et al. (1992) | Brownson et al. (1992) | Fontham et al. (1994) |
Kabat et al. (1995) |
|
Area | Central Florida | Missouri | 5 U.S. metropolitan areas | 4 U.S. cities |
Accrual Period | 1987-1991 | 1986-1991 | 1985-1991 | 1983-1990 |
Sample size1 cases controls |
210 (F) |
432 (F) |
653 (F) |
69 (F), 41 (M) |
Ages | NA (% by birth year groupings provided) |
30-84 | 20-79 | not specified |
Source of cases |
Florida Cancer Registry |
Missouri Cancer Registry |
All hospital/registries in specific geographic
areas |
6 hospitals in the 4 cities |
Source of controls |
RDD | DMV, HCFA | RDD, HCFA | other hospital patients |
Matching variables of lifetime nonsmoking controls | NA | age | age, area, & ethnicity |
age, race, hospital, date of interview |
Percent of self-respondents cases controls |
33 |
34* |
63 |
100 |
Mode of data collection | in-person, telephone, mailed questionnaires | telephone | in-person | in-person |
% Histologic confirmation | 100% | 76%** | 100%** | 100% |
% adenocarcinoma | 61% | 66% | 76% | NA |
Definition of lifetime nonsmoker | smoked for a total of < 6 months or <100 cigarettes in their lifetime | not described | <100 cigarettes, no use of other tobacco for> 6 mos | <365 cigarettes over lifetime |
Verification of nonsmoking status | multistep- medical record, physician, at initial contact & interview | at interview | multistep- medical record, physician, at initial contact & interview | at interview |
Biological markers |
none | none | urinary cotinine | none |
1
Sample size of lifetime nonsmokers in study* presented for nonsmokers and ex-smokers combined
** confirmed by independent histologic review
Abbreviations: F-females, M-males, NA-not available, RDD-random digit dialing,
DMV-Department of Motor Vehicle, HCFA-Health Care Financing Administration
TABLE 7.5
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RISK OF LUNG CANCER IN LIFETIME NONSMOKING FEMALES
AND EXPOSURE TO SPOUSAL SMOKING
Study |
Exposure Status |
Adjusted |
Years exposed / |
Odds ratio |
Stockwell et al. (1992) |
Spouse smoked a no yes |
AOR a 1.0 1.6 (0.8-3.0) |
Smoke-years in adult household (spouse and others) a < 22 23-39 40+ |
AOR a 1.6 (0.8-3.2) 1.4 (0.7-2.9) 2.4 (1.1-5.3) |
Brownson et al. (1992) |
Spouse smoked Cases* Controls* never 213 568 ever 218 598
|
AOR b 1.0 1.0 (0.8-1.2) |
Cigarette pack-years cases controls 0 213 568 0-15 32 128 15-40 54 200 40+ 110 216 |
AOR b 1.0 0.7 (0.5-1.1) 0.7 (0.5-1.0) 1.3 (1.0-1.7) |
Fontham et al. (1994) |
Spouse cases exposed/ controls exp smoked total cases /total controls any type tobacco 433/651 766/1253 cigarettes 366/648 691/1253 cigars 85/641 138/1253 pipes 86/640 158/1253 |
AOR c 1.29 (1.04-1.60) 1.18 (0.96-1.46) 1.25 (0.92-1.71) 1.19 (0.88-1.60) |
By pack-years of exposure to spouses cases* controls* 0 267 562 < 15.0 146 300 15.1- 39.9 92 190 40.0-79.9 80 126 80.0+ 24 27 |
AOR c 1.00 1.08 (0.86-1.39) 1.04 (0.76-1.42) 1.36 (0.97-1.91) 1.79 (0.99-3.25) |
Kabat et al. (1995) |
Males Spouse smoked: cases/controls* no 28 / 79 yes 11 / 19 Females Spouse smoked: cases/controls* no 26 / 71 yes 41 / 102 |
AOR d 1.0 1.60 (0.67-3.82)
1.0 1.08 (0.60-1.94) |
Males Spouse smoked: cases/controls* 1-10 cigs/day 5 / 17 11+ cigs/day 5 / 2 Females Spouse smoked: cases/controls* 1-10 cigs/day 17 / 50 11+ cigs/day 12 / 28 |
AOR d 0.74 (0.24-2.23) 7.48 (1.35-41.36)
0.82 (0.42-1.61) 1.06 (0.49-2.30) |
a
Distribution of cases and controls was not presented; ORs adjusted for age, race, and eduction; ORs are from Table 2 of Stockwell et al. (1992).b
Adjusted for age, previous lung disease; ORs are from Table 2 of Brownson et al. (1992).c
Adjusted for age, race, study area, education, fruits & vegetables & supplemental vitamin index, dietary cholesterol, family history of lung cancer,d
Adjusted for age, years of education, and type of hospital; ORs are from Table 4 of Kabat et al. (1995).* The number of cases and controls by intensity of exposure may not add up to the total numbers of subjects due to missing values.
TABLE 7.6
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RISK OF LUNG CANCER AND
ETS EXPOSURES FROM PARENTS AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
Study/study area |
|
|
Controls |
Odds Ratio |
STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE U.S. |
||||
Janerich et al. (1990) /New York |
M, F |
Smoker-years in childhood/adolescence 0 1-24 25+ |
37 68 82 94 |
1.0 1.09 (0.68-1.73) 2.07 (1.16-3.68) |
Stockwell et al. (1992) /Central Florida |
F | (Distributions by exposure not presented) mother father siblings
During childhood/adolescence |
210 301
|
1.6 (0.6-4.3) 1.2 (0.6-2.3) 1.7 (0.8-3.9)
1.6 (0.7-3.6) 1.1 (0.5-2.6) 2.4 (1.1-5.4) |
Brownson et al. (1992) /Missouri |
F | During childhood from parents never ever
During childhood from any household members |
357 877 74 289
323 802 108 364 |
1.0 0.7 (0.5-0.9)
1.0 0.8 (0.6-1.1) |
Fontham et al. (1994) /Five U.S. areas |
F | During childhood father no yes mother no yes
Childhood household exposure |
304 699 299 556
76 161 548 1079
148 444 95 291 146 485 |
1.00 0.83 (0.67-1.02)
1.00 0.86 (0.62-1.18)
1.00 0.99 (0.73-1.35) 0.89 (0.67-1.16) |
TABLE 7.6 (continued)
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RISK OF LUNG CANCER AND
ETS EXPOSURES FROM PARENTS AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
Study/study area |
Sex |
|
Controls |
Odds Ratio |
Kabat et al. (1995) /Four U.S. cities |
M F M F |
Childhood exposure no yes #smokers: 1 #smokers: 2+ no yes #smokers: 1 #smokers: 2+ Adulthood household exposure no yes #smokers: 1 #smokers: 2+ no yes #smokers: 1 #smokers: 2+ |
15 41 25 76 18 53 7 22 22 81 47 106 39 82 8 23 28 83 13 34 6 28 7 5 26 68 43 119 34 93 9 25 |
1.00 0.90 (0.43-1.89) 1.12 (0.46-2.70) 1.13 (0.34-3.75) 1.00 1.55 (0.95-2.79) 1.75 (0.91-3.35) 1.27 (0.43-3.78) 1.00 1.13 (0.53-2.45) 0.64 (0.19-2.13) 4.15 (1.34-12.87) 1.00 0.95 (0.53-1.67) 0.96 (0.50-1.84) 0.94 (0.34-2.63) |
Wu et al. (1985) /Los Angeles |
F | Parents smoked no yes |
18 29 11 33 |
1.0 0.6 (0.2-1.7) |
Kabat and Wynder (1984) /U.S.A. |
M F |
Current ETS exposure at home no yes no yes |
19 20 6 5 37 36 16 17 |
1.00 1.26 (0.33-4.83) 1.00 0.92 (0.40-2.08) |
Kabat et al. (1990) | M F |
Family member smoked no yes no yes |
15 36 21 69 17 61 36 77 |
1.00 0.73 (0.34-1.59) 1.00 1.68 (0.86-3.27) |
STUDIES CONDUCTED IN ASIA | ||||
Sobue (1990) /Japan |
F | During childhood father no yes mother no yes Other household member no yes |
35 143 109 588 127 668 17 63 113 587 31 114 |
1.00 0.79 (0.52-1.21) 1.00 1.33 (0.74-2.37) 1.00 1.18 (0.76-1.84) |
TABLE 7.6 (continued)
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RISK OF LUNG CANCER AND
ETS EXPOSURES FROM PARENTS AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
Study /study area |
|
|
Controls |
Odds Ratio |
Shimizu et al. (1988) /Japan |
F |
During childhood and/or adult life (distribution of exposure presented for controls) father |
1.1 a |
|
Gao et al. (1987) /Shanghai |
F |
Lived with a smoker during childhood |
|
1.1 (0.7-1.7) |
Koo et al. (1987) /Hong Kong |
F |
# cohabitants who smoked (included spouse, parents, in-laws, children, or other cohabitants) 0 1 2+ |
27 49 |
1.0 |
Wu-Williams et al. (1990) /North China |
F |
father smoked no yes mother smoked no yes |
335 352
298 410 |
1.0 1.0 |
STUDIES CONDUCTED IN EUROPE | ||||
Pershagen et al. (1986) /Sweden |
F |
parents smoked no yes |
9 18 38 76 |
1.0 |
Svensson et al. (1989) /Sweden |
F |
father smoked no yes mother smoked |
19 98
19 98 |
1.0
1.0 3.3 (0.5-18.8) |
a
Shimizu et al. reported p values for findings, but did not report confidence intervals, and confidence intervals could not be calculated from the reported information.
TABLE 7.7
STUDIES ON ETS EXPOSURE AT THE WORKPLACE AND LUNG CANCER
AMONG LIFETIME NONSMOKING SUBJECTS
Study/ |
Questions on |
#unexposed/ #exposed cases |
#unexposed/ #exposed controls |
OR (95% CI) |
STUDIES IN U.S. | ||||
Kabat & Wynder et al. (1984) 1961-80 |
current or last job males females |
7/18 |
14/11 |
3.3 (1.0-10.4) |
Garfinkel et al. (1985) 1971-81 |
#hrs/day exposed to smoke of others at work:
past 5 years. Past 25 years. |
80/14 |
262/52 |
0.88 (0.7-1.2) 0.93 (0.7-1.2) |
Wu et al. (1985) 1981-82 |
# years exposed at each job | 13/16 | 31/31 | 1.3 (0.5-3.3) |
Janerich et al. (1990) 1982-84 |
# smokers at work (lifetime), amount of time working with smokers | NA | NA | no association |
Brownson et al. (1992) 1986-91 |
current/most recent job, exposed to others smoke | NA | NA | no association overall 1.2 (0.9-1.7)a |
Stockwell et al. (1992) 1987-91 |
not described | NA | NA | no association |
Fontham et al. (1994) 1985-91 |
# years exposed at each job (lifetime years of
exposure at work) By years of exposure 0 1-15 16-30 31+ |
224/385
cases 224 213 118 54 |
491/756
controls 491 450 223 83 |
1.39 (1.1-1.7)b
1.00 c 1.30 (1.01-1.67) 1.40 (1.04-1.88) 1.86 (1.24-2.78)b |
Kabat et al. (1995) 1983-1990 |
four (4) jobs that lasted 1 year or more males females |
18/23 |
52/65 |
1.02 (0.50-2.09) |
STUDIES IN UK AND GREECE | ||||
Lee et al. (1986) 1977-82 |
timing of job not specified, exposure as no,
little, a lot males females |
3/7 |
40/57 |
1.61 (0.4-6.6) |
Kalandidi et al. (1990) 1987-89 |
current/last job #smokers at work |
24/65 | 40/78 | 1.39 (0.8-2.5) |
STUDIES IN ASIA |
||||
Koo et al. (1987) 1981-83 |
any ETS exposure at work (all jobs) |
NA | NA | 0.91 |
Shimizu et al. (1988) 1982-85 |
most recent/current job, any smokers at work | NA | NA | 1.2 |
Wu-Williams et al. (1990) 1985-87 |
exposure at each job | 187/230 | 301/301 | 1.2 (0.9-1.6) |
a
For highest quartile of exposureb
p<0.01c
Trend, p = 0.001TABLE 7.8
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PASSIVE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND RISK OF NASAL SINUS CANCER IN NONSMOKERS
Studies Exposure to Relative Risk (95% CI)
Passive Smoking
Cohort Studies
Hirayama (1984) Spouse's smoking
in cig/day
No (5)
Exsmoker or Smokers
1-14 (9) 1.7 (0.7 - 4.2)
15 - 19 (4) 2.0 (0.6 - 6.3)
20+ (10) 2.6 (1.0 - 6.3)
Case-Control Studies
Fukuda and Shibata (1990) # Smokers in household
0 (11/35)
Zheng et al. (1993) Ever exposed
d
a
Number of nasal sinus cancer deaths.b
Number of cases/controlsc
p for trend = 0.02.d
Number of cases/controls by exposure category was not presented.Table 7.9
Relationship Between Active and Passive Smoke Exposure and Risk of Cervical Cancer
# Cases/# Controls Passive Smoking
Study Cervical Cytology Active Smoking (Among Never Smokers)
(among cases)
CA/CO Adj. ORa Hrs/dayb CA/CO Adj. ORa
Slattery 266 cases/408 Never 81/305 1.0 None NA 1.0
et al., 1989 controls (cases: Exsmoker 37/48 1.4 (0.8 - 2.5) 0.1 - 0.9 NA 1.1 (0.5
- 2.9)
78% carcinoma Current smoker 148/55 3.4 (2.1 - 5.6) 1.0 - 2.9 NA 1.6 (0.5 - 4.7)
in-situ, 22% >3.0 NA 3.4 (1.2 - 9.5)
invasive cancer)
At Home
CA/CO Adj. ORc Yrs Exposure CA/CO Adj. ORc
Coker 103 cases/268 Never 37/170 1.0 Not exposed 9/49 1.0
et al., 1992 controls (All Ever smoked 66/96 1.7 (0.9 - 3.3) <17 yrs 18/52 1.5
(0.5 - 4.0)
biopsy-confirmed Current smoker 66/49 3.4 (1.7 - 7.0) >18 yrs 9/69 0.4 (0.1 -
1.3)
cervical
intraepithelial
neoplasia,
class II or III)
At work
Yrs Exposure
Not exposed 28/132 1.0
1-4 yrs 6/21 1.7 (0.5 - 5.1)
>5 yrs 2/16 0.4 (0.1 - 2.5)
a Adjusted for age, church attendance, education, and number of sexual partners of the women.
b Number of hours of exposure per day inside and outside of the home; NA = not available
c Adjusted for age, years of education, race, number of pap smears, number of partners, and genital warts.
Table 7.10
nicotine and cotinine measured in the Cervical Mucus of smokers,
passive smokers, and nonsmokers
Levels (ng/ml) of
Nicotine Cotinine
Sasson et al., 1985
aSmokers (n = 10) 740 316
Nonsmokers (n = 8) 16 3
Hellberg et al., 1988
a
Levels of Nicotine (ng/ml)
Mean Median Range
Jones et al., 1991
cSmokers (n=31) 34.3 11.8 2.8 - 383.4
Nonsmokers with
ETS exposure
McCann et al., 1992
ca
Cervical mucus collected using aspiration methods.b
Exposed at home or work, time of passive smoke exposure relative to specimen collection not specified.c
Cervical mucus collected using cervical flush techniques.d
Passive smoke exposure in the last 24 hours.e
Nonsmokers with ETS exposure at home or at work.f
NA = not available.g
Excluded one outlier who was usually exposed to passive smoking several hours/day, but had no exposure within the last 24 hours.Table 7.11
Passive Smoking and Bladder Cancer Among Nonsmokers
Males Females
# Exposed # Exposed
Cases/Controls OR (95% CI) Cases/Controls OR (95% CI)
Kabat et al. (1986)
a
Total number of nonsmokers were: males - 23 cases, 44 controls; females - 17 cases, 28 controls.b
Total number of nonsmokers were: males - 61 cases, 112 controls; females - 81 cases, 105 controls.Table 7.12
Mean Levels of Hemoglobin Adducts of 4- and 3- Aminobiphenyls
in Nonsmokers
4-ABP 3-ABP
(pg/g Hb) (pg/g Hb)
Exsmokers (at baseline) 130.4 16.0
Exsmokers (after stopping smoking 33.3 1.7
for two months)
Nonsmokers
ETS exposure (-)
Reference: MaClure et al. (1989)
a
Based on 44 subjects - 15 subjects had low levels of self-reported ETS exposure and no detectable cotinine levels; 29 subjects had no reported ETS exposure and no detectable cotinine levels.b
Based on 13 subjects - 7 subjects had low levels of self-reported ETS exposure and detectable cotinine levels, 6 subjects had high levels of self-reported ETS exposure and detectable cotinine levels. The 6 subjects who reported high exposure to ETS showed the highest mean levels of 4-ABP (54 pg/g) and 3-ABP (2.4 pg/g) and median levels of 4-ABP (48 pg/g) and 3-ABP (2.6 pg/g).
Table 7.13
Mean Levels of 4-ABP Hemoglobin Adducts (pg/g of Hemoglobin)
Among Smokers and Nonsmokers by Acetylator Phenotype
Acetylator Phenotype
Slow Fast
Black-tobacco smokers (n=16) 175.0 117.5
Blond-tobacco smokers (n=31) 111.8 86.4
Nonsmokers (n=50) 31.7 19.4
Exposed to ETS
No (n=35) 30.4 12.3
Yes (n=15) 34.8 33.6
Reference: Bartsch et al. (1990)
Table 7.14
Brain TumorS in Children and Exposure to parent's Smoking
Study # Cases/ OR for Smoking Habits of
(Age of Subjects) Controls Mother Father
continued smoking during
pregnancy
(Age <25)
# cig/day during pregnancy
Stjernfeldt et al., 1986 43/340 0 1-9 10+ cig/day
(Age <16) 1.0 1.0 0.9 No data
# cig/day during pregnancy
0 1-9 10+ cig/day
McKinney and 78/156 1.0 1.1 1.0 No data
Stiller, 1986
(Age <15)
During pregnancy During pregnancy
Howe et al., 1989 74/132 1.4 1.1
(Age <20)
During first trimester 12 months prior to birth
John et al., 1991 48/196 1.0 1.4
(Age <14)
Mothers smoking alone Fathers smoking alone
* 1.9 (0.9 - 4.2)
at 2-3 mos of pregnancy
0 <10 10+ cig/day
Pershagen et al., 1992 81
a
p<0.05b
cohort studyc
OR if data obtained from motherd
OR if data obtained from fathere
Cases restricted to astrocytoma*
0 exposed cases, 8 exposed controls
Table 7.14 (Continued)
Brain TumorS in Children and Exposure to parent's Smoking
Study # Cases/ OR for Smoking Habits of
(Age of Subjects) Controls Mother Father
Gold et al., 1993 361/1083 Ever smoked Ever smoked
(Age <18) 0.9 1.1
During yr of birth During yr of birth
0 <1 pack/day pack/day 0 <1 pack/day pack/day
1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.1
2 yrs before birth 2 yrs before birth
0 <1 pack/day pack/day 0 <1 pack/day pack/day
1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2
Mothers smoking alone Fathers smoking alone
1.1 0.9
McCredie et al., 1994 82/104 During pregnancy During pregnancy
(Age < 14) 1.3 2.2
Kuijten et al., 1990 163
e/163 During pregnancy During pregnancy
a
p<0.05b
cohort studyc
OR if data obtained from motherd
OR if data obtained from fathere
Cases restricted to astrocytoma*
0 exposed cases, 8 exposed controls
Table 7.15
Maternal or Parental Smoking During Pregnancy and
Childhood Leukemia
Cohort Studies # Cases Smoking OR (95% CI) for OR (95% CI) for
(Age of Subjects) (Type of Habits (cig/day) Maternal Smoking Paternal Smoking
Leukemia)
Pershagen et al., 1992 All Leukemia 2-3 mos of pregnancy
(Age <5) 72 No 1.0 Not available
18 1-9 0.9 (0.6-1.6)
9 10+ 0.7 (0.4-1.5)
21 (lymphatic) Yes 0.8 (0.5-1.3)
6 (myeloid) Yes 1.6 (0.6-4.8)
Case-Control # Cases/ Smoking OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Studies (Age of Subjects) # Controls Habits (cig/day) Maternal Smoking Paternal Smoking
Van Steensel-Moll 519/507 Yes, yr before
et al.,1985
(Age <15) (ALL)
a Pregnancy 1.0 (0.8-1.3) Not available
a
ALL = Acute lymphocytic leukemias, non-ALL = non acute lymphocytic leukemias.
Table 7.15 (continued)
Maternal or Parental Smoking During Pregnancy and
Childhood Leukemia
Case-Control Studies # Cases/ Smoking OR (95% CI) for OR (95% CI) for
(Age of Subjects) # Controls Habits (cig/day) Maternal Smoking Paternal Smoking
(Type of
Leukemia)
During 3 trimesters During pregnancy
John et al., 1991 73/196 1-10 2.0 (0.7-5.9) 2.6 (0.9-7.9)
(Age <14) (ALL)
Severson et al., 1993 187/187 During pregnancy
(Age < 18) (acute Yes 1.2 (0.8 - 1.9) No association
myeloid
leukemia)
a
ALL = Acute lymphocytic leukemias, non-ALL = non acute lymphocytic leukemias.Table 7.16
Association Between Exposure to Passive Smoking and Risk of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and
Lymphoma in Children
Studies Exposure to Passive Smoking Relative Risk 95% CI
Stjernfeldt et al., 1986 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (n = 16)
Mother's smoking during pregnancy
0 (cig/day) 1.0
1-9 1.9 (0.3 - 6.7)
10+ 2.1 (0.7 - 6.4)
Hodgkins Lymphoma (n = 15)
0 (cig/day) 1.0
1-9 1.1 (0.2 - 4.9)
10+ 0.3 (0.1 - 2.2)
Buckley et al., 1986 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (n = 169)
Mother's smoking during pregnancy
0 (cig/day) 1.0
1-9 0.8 (0.3 - 1.8)
10+ 1.0 (0.7 - 1.4)
Magnani et al., 1990 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (n = 19)
Mother's smoking up to childs birth 1.7 (0.7 - 4.5)
Father's smoking up to childs birth 6.7 (1.0 - 43.4)
McKinney and Lymphomas (n = 74)
Stiller, 1986 Mother's smoking during pregnancy
0 (cig/day) 1.0
1-10 1.9 (0.9 - 4.0)
11+ 1.0 (0.5 - 2.1)
John et al., 1991 Lymphoma (n = 26)
Mother's smoking