ReferencesAbadinsky, Howard. 1989. Drug Abuse: An Introduction. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Akers, Ronald L. 1984. "Delinquent Behavior, Drugs, and Alcohol: What Is the Relationship?" Today's Delinquent, 3 (1): 19-47.
Anglin, M. Douglas, and George Speckart. 1988. "Narcotics Use and Crime: A Multisample, Multimethod Analysis." Criminology, 26 (May): 197-233.
Anonymous. 1991a. "Death Toll from Smoking Is Worsening." The New York Times, February 1, 1991, p.A14.
Anonymous. l991b. "Secondhand Smoke Assailed in Report." The New York Times, May 30, 1991, p.A22.
Anonymous. 1995. "Drug Crackdown Is Believed to Sap Colombia's Economy." The New York Times, November 24, p.A7.
Anonymous. 1996. "Boston to Give Victim's Widow $1 Million in Wrongful Death Suit." The New York Times, April 15, p.A17.
Ball, John C., and John C. Urbaitis. 1970. "Absence of Major Medical Complications Among Chronic Opiate Addicts." In John C. Ball and Carl D. Chambers (eds.), Epidemiology of Opiate Addiction in the United States. Springfield, III.: Charles C Thomas, pp.119-142.
Beck, Jerome, and Marsha Rosenbaum. 1994. Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience. Albany: State University Press.
Beers, David. 1991. "Just Say Whoa!" Mother Jones, July/August 1991, pp.36-43, 52-56.
Benedict, Ruth. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Bennett, William J. 1994. The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster.
Best, Susan. 1990. "We Can't Do Worse by Legalizing Drugs." The New York Times, October 3, p.A32.
Blum, Richard, et al. 1969. Society and Drugs. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bonner, Raymond. 1995. "Drug Smuggling Growing in Ex-Communist Lands." The New York Times, June 5, p.A2.
Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Bozarth, Michael A., and Roy A. Wise. 1985. "Toxicity Associated with Long-Term Intravenous Heroin and Cocaine Self-Administration in the Rat." Journal of the American Medical Association, 254 (July 5): 81-83.
Brinkley, Joel. 1984. "The War on Drugs: Can It Be Won?" The New York Times, September 14, pp.A1, A12.
Brooke, James. 1995a. "Colombia Marvels at Drug Kingpin: A Chain-Saw Killer, Too." The New York Times, June 21, p.A8.
Brooke, James. 1995b. "Crackdown Has Cali Drug Cartel on the Run." The New York Times, June 27, pp.A1, A8.
Brookes, Stephen. 1990."The Perilous Swim in Heroin's Stream." Insight, February 5, pp.8-17.
Brownstein, Henry J. 1993. "What Does 'Drug-Related' Mean? Reflections on the Problem of Objectification." The Criminologist, vol.l8 (March/April): 1, 5-7.
Butterfield. Fox. 1995. "More in U.S. Are in Prisons, Report Says." The New York Times, August 10, p.A14.
Carter, Hodding, III. 1989. "We're Losing the Drug War Because Prohibition Never Works." Wall Street Journal, July 13, p.A15.
Cassidy, John. 1995. "Who Killed America's Middle Class?" The New Yorker, October 16, pp.113-124.
Caulkins, Jonathan R, Patricia A. Ebener, and Daniel E McCaffrey. 1995. "Describing DAWN's Dominion." Contemporary Drug Problems, 22 (Fall): 547-567.
Chaiken, Jan M., and Marcia R. Chaiken. 1982. Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.
Clouet, Doris, Khursheed Asghar, and Roger Brown (eds.). 1988. Mechanisms of Cocaine Abuse and Toxicity. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Cotts, Cynthia. 1992. "Hard Sell in the Drug War." The Nation, March 9, pp.300-302.
Courtwright, David T. 1982. Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Currie, Elliott. 1993. Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Cuskey, Walter R., Lisa H. Berger, and Arthur H. Richardson. 1978. "The Effects of Marijuana Decriminalization on Drug Use Patterns." Contemporary Drug Problems, 7 (Winter): 491-532.
Dennis, Richard J. 1990. "The Economics of Legalizing Drugs." The Atlantic Monthly, November, pp.l26-132.
DiFranza, Joseph, et al. 1987. "Legislative Efforts to Protect Children from Tobacco." Journal of the American Medical Association, 257 (24 June): 3387-3389.
Duster, Troy. 1995. "The New Crisis of Legitimacy in Controls, Prisons, and Legal Structures." The American Sociologist, 26 (Spring): 20-29.
Eckholm, Erik. 1986. "Cocaine's Vicious Spirals: Highs, Lows, Desperation." The New York Times, August 17, p.2E.
Epstein, Roberta, and Eugene E. Eubanks. 1984. "Drug Use Among Medical Students." New England Journal of Medicine, 311 (October 4): 923.
Falco, Mathea. 1992. "Foreign Drugs, Foreign Wars," Daedalus, 121 (Summer): 1-14.
Farah, Douglas, and Steve Coll. 1993. "The Cocaine Money Market." Washington Post National Weekly Edition, November 8-14, pp.6-8.
Feder, Barnaby J. 1996. "A Study Finds Minors Buying More Cigarettes." The New York Times February 16, p.A24.
Flynn, Stephen. 1993. "Worldwide Drug Scourge: The Expanding Trade in Illicit Drugs." The Brookings Review, Winter 1993, pp.6-11.
Friedman, Milton, and Thomas Szasz. 1992. On Liberty and Drugs: Essays on Prohibition and the Free Market. Washington, D.C.: Drug Policy Foundation Press.
Gazzaniga, Michael S. 1990. "The Federal Drugstore." National Review, February 5, pp.34-41.
Goldstein, Avram. 1994. Addiction: From Biology to Drug Policy. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Goldstein, Avram, and Harold Kalant. 1990. "Drug Policy: Striking the Right Balance." Science, vol.249 (28 September): 1513-1521.
Goldstein, Paul J. 1985. "The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework." Journal of Drug Issues, 15 (Fall): 493-506.
Goldstein, Paul J., Patricia A. Bellucci, Barry J. Spunt, and Thomas Miller. 1991. "Volume of Cocaine Use and Violence: A Comparison Between Men and Women. "Journal of Drug lssues, 21 (Spring): 345-367.
Goldstein, Paul J., Henry H. Brownstein, Patrick J. Ryan, and Patricia A. Bellucci. 1989. "Crack and Homicide in New York City, 1988: A Conceptually Based Event Analysis," Contemporary Drug Problems, 16 (Winter): 651-687.
Goldstein, Richard. 1986. "Getting Real about Getting High: An Interview with Andrew Weil." The Village Voice, September 30, pp.21-22, 24.
Gonzales, Jose E. 1992. "Guerrillas and Coca in the Upper Huallaga Valley." In David Scott Palmer (ed.), Shining Path of Peru. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp.l05-125.
Gonzales, Laurence. 1985. "Why Drug Enforcement Doesn't Work." Playboy, December, pp.l04, 108, 238ff.
Gooberman, Lawrence A. 1974. Operation Intercept: The Multiple Consequences of Public Policy. New York: Pergamon Press.
Goode, Erich. 1993. Drugs in American Society (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Grasmick, Harold G., Robert J. Bursik, Jr., and Bruce J. Arneklev. 1993. "Reductions in Drunk Driving as a Response to Increased Threats of Shame Embarrassment, and Legal Sanctions." Criminology, 31 (February): 41-67.
Grasmick, Harold G., Elizabeth Davenport, Mitchell B. Chamlin, and Robert J. Bursik, Jr. 1992. "Protestant Fundamentalism and the Retributive Doctrine of Punishment." Criminology, 30 (February): 21-45.
Gravelle, Jane, and Dennis Zimmerman. 1994. "The Marlboro Math." Washington Post, June 5, pp.C1, C4.
Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1976. Cocaine: A Drug and Its Social Evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1993. Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Hamid, Ansley. 1990. "The Political Economy of Crack-Related Violence." Contemporary Drug Problems, 17 (Spring): 31-78.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1987a. Alcohol and Health, Sixth Special Report to the U.S. Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1987b. Smoking, Tobacco, and Health: A Fact Book. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1990. Alcohol and Health, Seventh Special Report to the U.S. Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1993. Alcohol and Health, Eighth Special Report to the U.S. Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1994a. Annual Emergency Room Data, 1992: Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1994b. Annual Medical Examiner Data, 1992: Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1994c. Annual Emergency Room Data, 1992: Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1994d. Preliminary Estimates from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: 1993 Preliminary Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Episodes. Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1995a. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1994. Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1995b. Annual Medical Examiner Data, 1993: Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Rockville, Md.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
Hilton, Michael E. 1989. "How Many Alcoholics Are There in the United States?" British Journal of Addiction, 84 (May): 1083-1101.
Hindelang, Michael J., Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis. 1981. Measuring Delinquency. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
Hubbard, Robert L., et al. 1989. Drug Abuse Treatment: A National Study of Effectiveness. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Hyse, Richard. 1994. "Prohibition, for Drugs as for Alcohol, Only Fails." The New York Times, February 11, p.A44.
Inciardi, James A. 1992. The War on Drugs II. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield.
Inciardi, James A. (ed.). 1991. The Drug Legalization Debate. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
Inciardi, James A., and Duane C. McBride. 1991. "The Case Against Legalization." In James A. Inciardi (ed.), The Drug Legalization Debate. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, pp.45-79.
Isbell, Harris. 1966. "Medical Aspects of Opiate Addiction." In John A. O'Donnell and John C. Ball (eds.), Narcotic Addiction. New York: Harper & Row, pp.62-75.
Jacobs, James B. 1990. "Imagining Drug Legalization." The Public Interest, no.101 (Fall): 28-42.
Jansen, A.C.M. 1991. Cannabis in Amsterdam: A Geography of Hashish and Marijuana. Muiderberg, The Netherlands: Dick Coutinho.
Johanson, Chris E. 1984. "Assessment of the Abuse Potential of Cocaine in Animals." In John Grabowski (ed.), Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse, pp.54-71.
Johnson, Bruce D., et al. 1985. Taking Care of Business: The Economics of Crime by Heroin Abusers. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
Johnson, Bruce D., et al. 1990. "Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard Drug Users and the Community." In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (eds.), Drugs and Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago press, pp.9-67.
Johnston, Lloyd D. 1980. "Marijuana Use and the Effects of Marijuana Decriminalization." Unpublished testimony delivered at the hearings on the effects of marijuana held by the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Judiciary Committee, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C., January 6.
Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley, and Jerald G. Bachman. 1994. National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1993: Volume II, College Students and Young Adults. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley, and Jerald G. Bachman. 1995. National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994: Volume I, Secondary School Students. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Julien, Robert M. 1995. A Primer of Drug Action (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Kaplan, John. 1970. Marijuana: The New Prohibition. New York: World.
Kaplan, John. 1983. The Hardest Drug: Heroin and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaplan, John. 1988. "Taking Drugs Seriously." The Public Interest, no.92, Summer, pp.32-50.
Karel, Richard B. 1991. "A Model Legalization Proposal." In James A. Inciardi (ed.), The Drug Legalization Debate. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage, pp.80-102.
Kerr, Peter. 1988. "The Unspeakable Is Debated: Should Drugs Be Legalized?" The New York Times, May 15, pp. 1, 24.
Kleiman, Mark A.R. 1992a. "Neither Prohibition Nor Legalization: Grudging Toleration in Drug Control Policy." Daedalus 121 (Summer): 53-83.
Kleiman, Mark A.R. 1992b. Against Excess: Drug Policy for Results. New York: Basic Books.
Kleiman, Mark A.R., and Aaron J. Sager. 1990. "Drug Legalization: Asking the Right Question." Hofstra Law Review, 18 (Spring): 527-565.
Kleiman, Mark A.R., and Kerry D. Smith. 1990. "State and Local Drug Enforcement: In Search of a Strategy." In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (ed.), Drugs and Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.69-108.
Kolata, Gina. 1989. "Taxes Fail to Cover Drinking's Costs, Study Finds." The New York Times, March 17, p.A13.
Kraar, Louis. 1990. "How to Win the War on Drugs." Fortune, March 12, pp.70-71, 74-75, 78-79.
Lasagna, Louis, John M. von Felsinger, and Henry K. Beecher. 1955. "Drug-Induced Changes in Man." Journal of the American Medical Association, 157 (March 19): 1006-1020.
Lazare, Daniel. 1990. "The Drug War Is Killing Us." The Village Voice, January 23, pp.22-29.
Lee, Felicia R. 1994. "Data Show Needle Exchange Curbs H.I.V. Among Addicts." The New York Times, November 26, pp.1,26.
Lender, Mark Edward, and James Kirby Martin. 1987. Drinking in America: A History (rev. & exp. ed.). New York: Free Press.
Lettieri, Dan J., Millie Sayers, and Helen Wallenstein Pearson (eds.). 1980. Theories on Drug Abuse: Selected Comparative Perspectives. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Leuw, Ed., and I. Haen Marshall (eds.). 1994. Between Prohibition and Legalization: The Dutch Experiment in Drug Policy. Amsterdam/New York: Kugler Publications.
Levine, Harry G. 1991. "Just Say Poverty: What Causes Crack and Heroin Abuse." Talk presented for a plenary session on Drugs and the Underclass for the Drug Policy Foundation Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., November.
Levine, Harry G., and Craig Reinarman. 1988. "The Politics of America's Latest Drug Scare." In Richard O. Curry (ed.), Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship, and Repression in the 1980s. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp.251-258.
Levine, Michael. 1996. "King Rats." Utne Reader, May-June, pp.87-95.
Lindesmith Center, The. 1993. "Drug Prohibition & The U.S. Prison System" (leaflet).
Lusane, Clarence. 1991. Pipe Dream Blues: Racism and the War on Drugs. Boston: South End Press.
MacCoun, Robert J. 1993. "Drugs and the Law: A Psychological Analysis of Drug Prohibition." Psychological Bulletin, 113 (3): 497-512.
Maier, Thomas, and Timothy Yu. 1995. "AMA Demanding Tobacco Controls." Newsday, July 14, pp.A6, A30.
Manning, Willard G., et al. 1989. "The Taxes of Sin: Do Smokers and Drinkers Pay Their Way?" Journal of the American Medical Association, 261 (March 17): 1604-1609.
Massing, Michael. 1990. "The Two William Bennetts." The New York Review of Books, March 1, pp.29-33.
McAuliffe, William E., and Robert A. Gordon. 1974. "A Test of Lindesmith's Theory of Addiction: The Frequency of Euphoria Among Long-Term Addicts." American Journal of Sociology, 79 (January): 795-840.
McAuliffe, William E., et al. 1984. "Psychoactive Drug Use by Young and Future Physicians." Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25 (March): 34-54.
McAuliffe, William E., et al. 1986. "Psychoactive Drug Use Among Practicing Physicians and Medical Students." The New England Journal of Medicine, 315 (September 25): 805-810.
McCoy, Clyde B., and James A. Inciardi. 1995. Sex, Drugs, and the Continuing Spread of AIDS. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
McWilliams, Peter. 1993. Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do: The Absurdity of Consensual Crimes in a Free Society. Los Angeles, Calif.: Prelude Press.
Merton, Robert K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure (rev. & exp. ed.). New York: Free Press.
Messenger, Ruth W. 1995. "New York Needs to Enforce the Tobacco Act." The New York Times, August 10, p.A18.
Michael, Robert T., John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata. 1994. Sex in America: A Definitive Survey. Boston: Little, Brown.
Mitchell, Chester Nelson. 1990. The Drug Solution. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press.
Molotch, Harvey. 1994. "Going Out." Sociological Forum, 9 (June): 221-239.
Moore, Mark H. 1973. "Achieving Discrimination on the Effective Price of Heroin." American Economic Review, 63 (2): 270-277.
Moore, Mark H. 1976. Buy and Bust: The Effective Regulation of an Illicit Market in Heroin. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.
Moore, Mark H. 1989. "Actually, Prohibition Was a Success." The New York Times, October 16, p.A21.
Moore, Mark H. 1990a. "Drugs: Getting a Fix on the Problem and the Solution." Yale Law and Policy Review, 8 (1): 8-35.
Moore, Mark H. 1990b. "Supply Reduction and Drug Law Enforcement." In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (eds.), Drugs and Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.l09-157.
Morgan, H. Wayne. 1974. Yesterday's Addicts: American Society and Drug Abuse, 1865-1920 Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Morgan, John P. 1991. "Prohibition Is Perverse Policy: What Was True in 1933 Is True Now." In Melvyn B. Krauss and Edward P. Lazear (eds.), Searching for Alternatives: Drug-Control Policy in the United States. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, pp.405-423.
Mugford, Stephen. 1993. "Harm Reduction: Does It Lead Where Its Proponents Imagine?" In Nick Heather et al. (eds.), Psychoactive Drugs and Harm Reduction: From Faith to Science. London: Whurr Publishers, pp.21-33.
Musto, David E 1987. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (exp. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1988. "The Case for Legalization," The Public Interest, no.92, Summer, pp.3-31.
Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1989. "Drug Prohibition in the United States: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives." Science, 245 (1 September): 939-947.
Nadelmann, Ethan A, 1990. "Should Some Illegal Drugs Be Legalized? Legalization Is the Answer." Issues in Science and Technology, 6 (Summer): 43-46.
Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1991. "America's Drug Problem: Alternative Perspectives, Alternative Problems." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 45 (December): 24-40.
Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1992. "Thinking Seriously About Alternatives to Drug Prohibition." Daedalus, 121 (Summer): 85-132.
Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1995. "Europe's Drug Prescription." Rolling Stone, January 26, pp.38-39.
Nadelmann, Ethan, and Jann S. Wenner. 1994. "Toward a Sane National Drug Policy." Rolling Stone, May 5, pp.24-26.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 1991. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1991. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 1993. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Nurco, David N., Thomas E. Hanlon, Timothy W. Kinlock, and Karen R. Duszynski. 1988. "Differential Criminal Patterns of Narcotic Addicts Over an Addiction Career." Criminology, 26 (August): 407-423.
O'Donnell, John A., et al. 1976. Young Men and Drugs—A Nationwide Survey. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Ostrowski, James. 1990. "Has the Time Come to Legalize Drugs?" USA Today, July, pp.27-30.
Pileggi, Nicholas. 1982. "There's No Business Like Drug Business." New York, December 13, pp.38-43.
Pollan, Michael. 1995. "How Pot Has Grown." The New York Times Magazine, February 19, pp.31-35, 44, 50, 56-57.
Priver, David. 1993. "For Drink or Drugs, Prohibition Doesn't Work." The New York Times, December 16, p.A28.
Rangel, Charles B. 1988. "Legalize Drugs? Not on Your Life." The New York Times, May 17, p.A25.
Rangel, Charles B. l991a. "USA 1991: One Year After Legalization." USA Today, July pp.31-32.
Rangel, Charles B.199lb."Legalizing Drugs." The Atlantic, March, p.11.
Ravenholt, R.T. 1984. "Addiction Mortality in the United States: Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substances," Population and Developmental Review, 10 (December): 697-724.
Ray, Oakley, and Charles Ksir. 1996. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior (7th ed.). St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby.
Reeves, Jimmie L., and Richard Campbell. 1994. Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Coverage, and the Reagan Legacy. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
Reinarman, Craig. 1994. "Unanticipated Consequences of Criminalization: Hypotheses on How Drug Laws Exacerbate Drug Problems." Perspectives on Social Problems, 6: 217-232.
Reinarman, Craig, and Harry G. Levine. 1995. "The Crack Attack: America's Latest Drug Scare, 1986-1992." In Joel Best (ed.), Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp.147-186.
Reuter, Peter. 1988. "Can the Borders Be Sealed?" The Public Interest, no.92 (Summer), pp.51-65.
Reuter, Peter. 1992. "Hawks Ascendant: The Punitive Trend of American Drug Policy." Daedalus, 121 (Summer): 15-52.
Reuter, Peter, Gordon Crawford, and Jonathan Cave. 1988. Sealing the Borders: The Effects of Increased Military Preparation in Drug Interdiction. Santa Monica: Rand.
Riding, Alan. 1988. "Brazil Now a Vital Crossroad for Latin Cocaine Traffickers." The New York Times, August 28, pp. 1, 18.
Robins, Lee N. 1973. The Vietnam Veteran Returns. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Sandwijk, J.P., P.D.A. Cohen, and S. Musterd. 1991. Licit and Illicit Drug Use in Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Instituut voor Sociale Geografie.
Schillinger, Liesl. 1995. "The Drug Peacenick." New York, January 23, pp.20-21.
Seelye, Katharine Q. 1995. "Helms Puts the Brakes to a Bill Financing AIDS Treatment." The New York Times, July 5, p.A12.
Sethi, B.B., and R. Manchanda. 1980. "Drug Use Among Resident Doctors." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62 (November): 447-455.
Shenon, Philip. 1996. "Opium Baron's Rule May End With Surrender in Myanmar." The New York Times, January 6, p.4.
Single, Eric W. 1981. "The Impact of Marijuana Decriminalization." In Yedy Israel et al. (eds.), Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems vol.6. New York: Plenum Press, pp.405-424.
Skolnick, Jerome H. 1988. "The Social Transformation of Vice." Law and Contemporary Problems, 5] (Winter): 9-29.
Speart, Jessica. 1995. "The New Drug Mules." The New York Times Magazine, June 11, pp.44-45.
Specter, Michael. 1995. "Opium Finding Its Silk Road in the Chaos of Central Asia." The New York Times, May 2, pp.A1, A10.
Steinberg, Neil. 1994. "The Law of Unintended Consequences." Rolling Stone, May 5, pp.33-34.
Stout-Wiegand, Nancy, and Roget B. Trent. 1981. "Physician Drug Use: Availability or Occupational Stress?" The International Journal of the Addictions, 16 (2): 317-330.
Stuart, Reginald. 1996. "Kemba's Nightmare." Emerge, May, pp.28-48.
Szasz, Thomas. 1992. Our Right to Drugs: The Case for a Free Market. New York: Praeger.
Thornton, Mark. 1992. "Prohibition's Failure: Lessons for Today." USA Today, March, pp.70-73.
Treaster, Joseph B. 1993. "With Supply and Purity Up, Heroin Use Expands." The New York Times, August 1, pp.1, 41.
Trebach, Arnold S. 1993. "For Legalization of Drugs." In Arnold S. Trebach and James A. Inciardi, Legalize It? Debating American Drug Policy. Washington, D.C.: American University Press, pp.7-138.
Ungerleider, J. Thomas, George D. Lundberg, Irving Sunshine, and Clifford B. Walberg. 1980. "The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Program." Archives of General Psychiatry, 37 (January): 106-109.
Van Natta, Pearl, Henry Malin, Darryl Bertolucci, and Charles Kaelber. 1984-85. "The Hidden Influence of Alcohol on Mortality." Alcohol Health and Research World, 9 (Winter): 56-59.
Viscusi, W. Kip. 1995. "Cigarette Taxation and the Social Consequences of Smoking." In James M. Poterba (ed.), Tax Policy and the Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp.51-101.
Walker, Samuel. 1994. Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs (3rd ed.). Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.
Warner, Kenneth E., et al. 1995. "Criteria for Determining an Optimal Cigarette Tax: The Economist's Perspective," Tobacco Control, 4 (Winter): 380-386.
Weaver, Mary Anne. 1995. "Children of Jihad." The New Yorker, June 12, pp.40-47.
Weiner, Tim. 1994. "Blowback: From the Afghan Battlefield." The New York Times Magazine, March 13, pp.52-55.
White, Jason M. 1991. Drug Dependence. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Wikler, Abraham. 1968. "Drug Addiction: Organic and Physiological Aspects." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, pp.290-298.
Wilbanks, William. 1992. "The Monkey Model of Addiction: A Dangerous Myth." In Erich Goode (ed.), Drugs, Society, and Behavior. Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, pp.63-65.
Williams, Gerald D., David A. Clem, and Mary C. Dufor. 1994. Apparent Per Capita Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977-1992. Bethesda, Md.: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Wilson, James Q. 1990a. "Against the Legalization of Drugs." Commentary, February, pp.21-28.
Wilson, James Q. 1990b. "Drugs and Crime." In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (eds.), Drugs and Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.521-545.
Wilson, William Julius. 1996. "Work." The New York Times Magazine, August 18, pp.26-31, 40ff.
Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wisotsky, Steven. 1990a. Beyond the War on Drugs. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
Wisotsky, Steven. 1990b. "Rethinking the War on Drugs." Free Inquiry, Spring, pp.7-12.
Wisotsky, Steven. 1993. "A Society of Suspects: The War on Drugs and Civil Liberties." USA Today, July, pp.17-21.
Yett, Andrew. 1990. "All Agree on Failure of Our Drug Strategy." The New York Times, January 1, p.24.
Zimring, Franklin E., and Gordon Hawkins. 1992. The Search for Rational Drug Control. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.